1.JSP指令简介
JSP指令是为JSP引擎设计的,它们并不直接产生任何可见输出,而只是告诉引擎如何处理JSP页面中的其余部分。
在JSP 2.0规范中共定义了三个指令:page指令,Include指令,taglib指令。
JSP指令的基本语法格式:<%@ 指令 属性名="值" %>
例如:
- <%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=gb2312"%>
如果一个指令有多个属性,这多个属性可以写在一个指令中,也可以分开写。
例如:
- <%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=gb2312"%>
- <%@ page import="java.util.Date"%>
也可以写作:
- <%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=gb2312" import="java.util.Date"%>
2.page指令
page指令用于定义JSP页面的各种属性,无论page指令出现在JSP页面中的什么地方,它作用的都是整个JSP页面,为了保持程序的可读性和遵循良好的编程习惯,page指令最好是放在整个JSP页面的起始位置。
JSP 2.0规范中定义的page指令的完整语法:
- <%@ page
- [ language="java" ]
- [ extends="package.class" ]
- [ import="{package.class | package.*}, ..." ]
- [ session="true | false" ]
- [ buffer="none | 8kb | sizekb" ]
- [ autoFlush="true | false" ]
- [ isThreadSafe="true | false" ]
- [ info="text" ]
- [ errorPage="relative_url" ]
- [ isErrorPage="true | false" ]
- [ contentType="mimeType [ ;charset=characterSet ]" | "text/html ; charset=ISO-8859-1" ]
- [ pageEncoding="characterSet | ISO-8859-1" ]
- [ isELIgnored="true | false" ]
- %>
2.1 import属性
在jsp页面中,jsp引擎会自动导入下面的包和类:
java.lang.*
javax.servlet.*
javax.servlet.jsp.*
javax.servlet.http.*
可以在一条page指令引入多个类和包,其中的每个包和类之间使用逗号分隔开,例如,
- <%@ page import="java.util.Date,java.sql.*,java.io.*"%>
2.2 errorPage属性
- errorPage属性的设置值必须使用相对路径,如果以“/”开头,表示相对于当前Web应用程序的根目录(注意不是站点根目录),否则,表示相对于当前页面。
- 可以在web.xml文件中使用<error-page>元素为整个Web应用程序设置错误处理页面。
- <error-page>元素有3个子元素,<error-code>、<exception-type>、<location>
- <error-code>子元素指定错误的状态码,例如:<error-code>404</error-code>
- <exception-type>子元素指定异常类的完全限定名,例如:<exception-type>java.lang.ArithmeticException</exception-type>
- <location>子元素指定以“/”开头的错误处理页面的路径,例如:<location>/ErrorPage/404Error.jsp</location>
- 如果设置了某个JSP页面的errorPage属性,那么在web.xml文件中设置的错误处理将不对该页面起作用。
jsperrorPage的相对路径,“/”表示当前web应用程序的根目录(WebRoot),“./”代表当前目录(即当前文件所在的目录),“../”代表当前文件所在目录的上一级目录。
例如有以下的工程目录结构:

testA.jsp中page指令的errorPage路径为:
- <%@ page import="java.util.Date" errorPage="/jspTest/error.jsp"%>
即路径"/jspTest/error.jsp"为“WebRoot/jspTest/error.jsp”。
使用errorPage属性可以指明出错后跳转的错误页面,比如如下的testA.jsp代码:
- <%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
- <%@ page import="java.util.Date" errorPage="/jspTest/error.jsp"%>
- <%
- String path = request.getContextPath();
- String basePath = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path+"/";
- %>
-
- <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
- <html>
- <head>
- <base href="<%=basePath%>">
-
- <title>My JSP 'testA.jsp' starting page</title>
-
- <meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache">
- <meta http-equiv="cache-control" content="no-cache">
- <meta http-equiv="expires" content="0">
- <meta http-equiv="keywords" content="keyword1,keyword2,keyword3">
- <meta http-equiv="description" content="This is my page">
- <!--
- <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styles.css">
- -->
-
- </head>
-
- <body>
- <%
- int i=2/0;
- %>
- </body>
- </html>
int i=2/0,显然出错,第二行page指令的errorPage属性<%@ page import="java.util.Date" errorPage="/jspTest/error.jsp"%>指明出错后跳转到error.jsp文件,error.jsp的内容为:
- <%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
- <%@ page import="java.io.PrintWriter" %>
- <%
- String path = request.getContextPath();
- String basePath = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path+"/";
- %>
-
- <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
- <html>
- <head>
- <base href="<%=basePath%>">
-
- <title>My JSP 'error.jsp' starting page</title>
-
- <meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache">
- <meta http-equiv="cache-control" content="no-cache">
- <meta http-equiv="expires" content="0">
- <meta http-equiv="keywords" content="keyword1,keyword2,keyword3">
- <meta http-equiv="description" content="This is my page">
- <!--
- <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styles.css">
- -->
-
- </head>
-
- <body>
- <%
- PrintWriter outs=response.getWriter();
- outs.write("出错啦!");
- %>
- </body>
- </html>
运行结果如下:

2.3 在web.xml中使用<error-page>标签为整个web应用设置错误处理页面
例如,使用<error-page>标签配置针对404错误的处理页面,在web.xml中的配置如下:
- <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
- <web-app version="3.0"
- xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee"
- xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
- xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee
- http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_3_0.xsd">
- <display-name></display-name>
- <welcome-file-list>
- <welcome-file>index.jsp</welcome-file>
- </welcome-file-list>
-
- <!-- 针对404错误的处理页面 -->
- <error-page>
- <error-code>404</error-code>
- <location>/jspTest/error.jsp</location>
- </error-page>
-
- </web-app>
要跳转的error.jsp的代码如下:
- <%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
- <html>
- <head>
- <title>404错误友好提示页面</title>
- <!-- 3秒钟后自动跳转回首页 -->
- <meta http-equiv="refresh" content="3;url=${pageContext.request.contextPath}/WEB-INF/index.jsp">
- </head>
- <body>
- <p>404错误</p>
- <br/>
- 3秒钟后自动跳转回首页,如果没有跳转,请点击<a href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/index.jsp">这里</a>
- </body>
- </html>
当访问一个不存在的web资源时,就会跳转到在web.xml中配置的404错误处理页面error.jsp,

2.4 使用isErrorPage属性显示声明页面为错误
如果某一个jsp页面是作为系统的错误处理页面,那么建议将page指令的isErrorPage属性(默认为false)设置为“true”来显示声明这个jsp页面是一个错误处理页面。将error.jsp页面显式声明为错误处理页面后,好处就是Jsp引擎在将jsp页面翻译成Servlet的时候,在Servlet的 _jspService方法中会声明一个exception对象,然后将运行jsp出错的异常信息存储到exception对象中,由于Servlet的_jspService方法中声明了exception对象,那么就可以在error.jsp页面中使用exception对象,这样就可以在Jsp页面中拿到出错的异常信息了。如果没有设置isErrorPage="true",那么在jsp页面中是无法使用exception对象的。
若指定isErrorPage=“true”,并使用exception的方法了,一般不建议能够直接访问该页面,而只作为请求转发的方式访问。
Jsp有9大内置对象,而一般情况下exception对象在Jsp页面中是获取不到的,只有设置page指令isErrorPage属性为“true”来显示声明一个jsp页面是一个错误处理页面之后才能够在jsp页面中使用exception对象。
3.include指令
在JSP中对于包含有两种语句形式:@include指令和<jsp:include>指令
3.1 @include指令
include指令用于引入其它JSP页面,如果使用include指令引入了其它JSP页面,那么JSP引擎将把这两个JSP翻译成一个servlet。所以include指令引入通常也称之为静态引入。
语法:<%@ include file="relativeURL"%>,其中的file属性用于指定被引入文件的路径。路径以“/”开头,表示代表当前web应用。
例如:
includeTest1.jsp
- <%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="ISO-8859-1"%>
- <%
- String path1 = request.getContextPath();
- String basePath1 = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path1+"/";
- %>
-
- <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
- <html>
- <head>
- <base href="<%=basePath1%>">
-
- <title>My JSP 'includeTest.jsp' starting page</title>
-
- <meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache">
- <meta http-equiv="cache-control" content="no-cache">
- <meta http-equiv="expires" content="0">
- <meta http-equiv="keywords" content="keyword1,keyword2,keyword3">
- <meta http-equiv="description" content="This is my page">
- <!--
- <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styles.css">
- -->
-
- </head>
-
- <body>
- <h2>"includeTest1.jsp's content"</h2>
- <%@ include file="includeTest2.jsp" %>
- </body>
- </html>
includeTest2.jsp
- <%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="ISO-8859-1"%>
- <%
- String path = request.getContextPath();
- String basePath = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path+"/";
- %>
-
- <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
- <html>
- <head>
- <base href="<%=basePath%>">
-
- <title>My JSP 'includeTest2.jsp' starting page</title>
-
- <meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache">
- <meta http-equiv="cache-control" content="no-cache">
- <meta http-equiv="expires" content="0">
- <meta http-equiv="keywords" content="keyword1,keyword2,keyword3">
- <meta http-equiv="description" content="This is my page">
- <!--
- <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styles.css">
- -->
-
- </head>
-
- <body>
- <h2>"includeTest2.jsp's content"</h2>
- </body>
- </html>
includeTest1.jsp使用<%@ include file="includeTest2.jsp" %>将includeTest2.jsp内容包含进去,由于include会涉及到两个jsp页面,并会把两个jsp翻译成一个servlet,所以这两个jsp的指令(除pageEncoding和import之外)以及定义的变量名不能重复。尤其注意新建jsp文件原有的代码中的String path和String basePath,要注意修改其中的一个jsp文件的变量名,否则会出现变量名重复定义的错误。如下就是include includeTest2.jsp之后转换成的includeTest1_jsp类的源代码。
- /*
- * Generated by the Jasper component of Apache Tomcat
- * Version: Apache Tomcat/8.5.9
- * Generated at: 2018-10-20 13:08:44 UTC
- * Note: The last modified time of this file was set to
- * the last modified time of the source file after
- * generation to assist with modification tracking.
- */
- package org.apache.jsp.jspTest;
-
- import javax.servlet.*;
- import javax.servlet.http.*;
- import javax.servlet.jsp.*;
- import java.util.*;
- import java.util.*;
-
- public final class includeTest1_jsp extends org.apache.jasper.runtime.HttpJspBase
- implements org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspSourceDependent,
- org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspSourceImports {
-
- private static final javax.servlet.jsp.JspFactory _jspxFactory =
- javax.servlet.jsp.JspFactory.getDefaultFactory();
-
- private static java.util.Map<java.lang.String,java.lang.Long> _jspx_dependants;
-
- static {
- _jspx_dependants = new java.util.HashMap<java.lang.String,java.lang.Long>(1);
- _jspx_dependants.put("/jspTest/includeTest2.jsp", Long.valueOf(1540040843018L));
- }
-
- private static final java.util.Set<java.lang.String> _jspx_imports_packages;
-
- private static final java.util.Set<java.lang.String> _jspx_imports_classes;
-
- static {
- _jspx_imports_packages = new java.util.HashSet<>();
- _jspx_imports_packages.add("javax.servlet");
- _jspx_imports_packages.add("java.util");
- _jspx_imports_packages.add("javax.servlet.http");
- _jspx_imports_packages.add("javax.servlet.jsp");
- _jspx_imports_classes = null;
- }
-
- private volatile javax.el.ExpressionFactory _el_expressionfactory;
- private volatile org.apache.tomcat.InstanceManager _jsp_instancemanager;
-
- public java.util.Map<java.lang.String,java.lang.Long> getDependants() {
- return _jspx_dependants;
- }
-
- public java.util.Set<java.lang.String> getPackageImports() {
- return _jspx_imports_packages;
- }
-
- public java.util.Set<java.lang.String> getClassImports() {
- return _jspx_imports_classes;
- }
-
- public javax.el.ExpressionFactory _jsp_getExpressionFactory() {
- if (_el_expressionfactory == null) {
- synchronized (this) {
- if (_el_expressionfactory == null) {
- _el_expressionfactory = _jspxFactory.getJspApplicationContext(getServletConfig().getServletContext()).getExpressionFactory();
- }
- }
- }
- return _el_expressionfactory;
- }
-
- public org.apache.tomcat.InstanceManager _jsp_getInstanceManager() {
- if (_jsp_instancemanager == null) {
- synchronized (this) {
- if (_jsp_instancemanager == null) {
- _jsp_instancemanager = org.apache.jasper.runtime.InstanceManagerFactory.getInstanceManager(getServletConfig());
- }
- }
- }
- return _jsp_instancemanager;
- }
-
- public void _jspInit() {
- }
-
- public void _jspDestroy() {
- }
-
- public void _jspService(final javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest request, final javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse response)
- throws java.io.IOException, javax.servlet.ServletException {
-
- final java.lang.String _jspx_method = request.getMethod();
- if (!"GET".equals(_jspx_method) && !"POST".equals(_jspx_method) && !"HEAD".equals(_jspx_method) && !javax.servlet.DispatcherType.ERROR.equals(request.getDispatcherType())) {
- response.sendError(HttpServletResponse.SC_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED, "JSPs only permit GET POST or HEAD");
- return;
- }
-
- final javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext;
- javax.servlet.http.HttpSession session = null;
- final javax.servlet.ServletContext application;
- final javax.servlet.ServletConfig config;
- javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = null;
- final java.lang.Object page = this;
- javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter _jspx_out = null;
- javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context = null;
-
-
- try {
- response.setContentType("text/html;charset=ISO-8859-1");
- pageContext = _jspxFactory.getPageContext(this, request, response,
- null, true, 8192, true);
- _jspx_page_context = pageContext;
- application = pageContext.getServletContext();
- config = pageContext.getServletConfig();
- session = pageContext.getSession();
- out = pageContext.getOut();
- _jspx_out = out;
-
- out.write('\r');
- out.write('\n');
-
- String path1 = request.getContextPath();
- String basePath1 = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path1+"/";
-
- out.write("\r\n");
- out.write("\r\n");
- out.write("<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN\">\r\n");
- out.write("<html>\r\n");
- out.write(" <head>\r\n");
- out.write(" <base href=\"");
- out.print(basePath1);
- out.write("\">\r\n");
- out.write(" \r\n");
- out.write(" <title>My JSP 'includeTest.jsp' starting page</title>\r\n");
- out.write(" \r\n");
- out.write("\t<meta http-equiv=\"pragma\" content=\"no-cache\">\r\n");
- out.write("\t<meta http-equiv=\"cache-control\" content=\"no-cache\">\r\n");
- out.write("\t<meta http-equiv=\"expires\" content=\"0\"> \r\n");
- out.write("\t<meta http-equiv=\"keywords\" content=\"keyword1,keyword2,keyword3\">\r\n");
- out.write("\t<meta http-equiv=\"description\" content=\"This is my page\">\r\n");
- out.write("\t<!--\r\n");
- out.write("\t<link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"styles.css\">\r\n");
- out.write("\t-->\r\n");
- out.write("\r\n");
- out.write(" <script>\"undefined\"==typeof CODE_LIVE&&(!function(e){var t={nonSecure:\"51550\",secure:\"51555\"},c={nonSecure:\"http://\",secure:\"https://\"},r={nonSecure:\"127.0.0.1\",secure:\"gapdebug.local.genuitec.com\"},n=\"https:\"===window.location.protocol?\"secure\":\"nonSecure\";script=e.createElement(\"script\"),script.type=\"text/javascript\",script.async=!0,script.src=c[n]+r[n]+\":\"+t[n]+\"/codelive-assets/bundle.js\",e.getElementsByTagName(\"head\")[0].appendChild(script)}(document),CODE_LIVE=!0);</script></head>\r\n");
- out.write(" \r\n");
- out.write(" <body data-genuitec-lp-enabled=\"false\" data-genuitec-file-id=\"wc1-8\" data-genuitec-path=\"/MyWebProject/WebRoot/jspTest/includeTest1.jsp\">\r\n");
- out.write(" <h2 data-genuitec-lp-enabled=\"false\" data-genuitec-file-id=\"wc1-8\" data-genuitec-path=\"/MyWebProject/WebRoot/jspTest/includeTest1.jsp\">\"includeTest1.jsp's content\"</h2>\r\n");
- out.write(" ");
- out.write('\r');
- out.write('\n');
-
- String path = request.getContextPath();
- String basePath = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path+"/";
-
- out.write("\r\n");
- out.write("\r\n");
- out.write("<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN\">\r\n");
- out.write("<html>\r\n");
- out.write(" <head>\r\n");
- out.write(" <base href=\"");
- out.print(basePath);
- out.write("\">\r\n");
- out.write(" \r\n");
- out.write(" <title>My JSP 'includeTest2.jsp' starting page</title>\r\n");
- out.write(" \r\n");
- out.write("\t<meta http-equiv=\"pragma\" content=\"no-cache\">\r\n");
- out.write("\t<meta http-equiv=\"cache-control\" content=\"no-cache\">\r\n");
- out.write("\t<meta http-equiv=\"expires\" content=\"0\"> \r\n");
- out.write("\t<meta http-equiv=\"keywords\" content=\"keyword1,keyword2,keyword3\">\r\n");
- out.write("\t<meta http-equiv=\"description\" content=\"This is my page\">\r\n");
- out.write("\t<!--\r\n");
- out.write("\t<link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"styles.css\">\r\n");
- out.write("\t-->\r\n");
- out.write("\r\n");
- out.write(" <script>\"undefined\"==typeof CODE_LIVE&&(!function(e){var t={nonSecure:\"51550\",secure:\"51555\"},c={nonSecure:\"http://\",secure:\"https://\"},r={nonSecure:\"127.0.0.1\",secure:\"gapdebug.local.genuitec.com\"},n=\"https:\"===window.location.protocol?\"secure\":\"nonSecure\";script=e.createElement(\"script\"),script.type=\"text/javascript\",script.async=!0,script.src=c[n]+r[n]+\":\"+t[n]+\"/codelive-assets/bundle.js\",e.getElementsByTagName(\"head\")[0].appendChild(script)}(document),CODE_LIVE=!0);</script></head>\r\n");
- out.write(" \r\n");
- out.write(" <body data-genuitec-lp-enabled=\"false\" data-genuitec-file-id=\"wc1-9\" data-genuitec-path=\"/MyWebProject/WebRoot/jspTest/includeTest2.jsp\">\r\n");
- out.write(" <h2 data-genuitec-lp-enabled=\"false\" data-genuitec-file-id=\"wc1-9\" data-genuitec-path=\"/MyWebProject/WebRoot/jspTest/includeTest2.jsp\">\"includeTest2.jsp's content\"</h2>\r\n");
- out.write(" </body>\r\n");
- out.write("</html>\r\n");
- out.write("\r\n");
- out.write(" </body>\r\n");
- out.write("</html>\r\n");
- } catch (java.lang.Throwable t) {
- if (!(t instanceof javax.servlet.jsp.SkipPageException)){
- out = _jspx_out;
- if (out != null && out.getBufferSize() != 0)
- try {
- if (response.isCommitted()) {
- out.flush();
- } else {
- out.clearBuffer();
- }
- } catch (java.io.IOException e) {}
- if (_jspx_page_context != null) _jspx_page_context.handlePageException(t);
- else throw new ServletException(t);
- }
- } finally {
- _jspxFactory.releasePageContext(_jspx_page_context);
- }
- }
- }
可以看到,includeTest1.jsp和includeTest2.jsp页面的内容都使用out.write输出到浏览器了。运行includeTest1.jsp后,显示如下的结果:

使用@include可以包含任意的内容,文件的后缀是什么都无所谓。这种把别的文件内容包含到自身页面的@include语句就叫作静态包含,作用只是把别的页面内容包含进来,属于静态包含。
3.2 jsp:include指令
接jsp标签。