前言
Spring官方最近宣布,将在Spring Framework 5.0版本中正式支持Kotlin语言。这意味着Spring Boot 2.x版本将为Kotlin提供一流的支持。
这并不会令人意外,因为Pivotal团队以广泛接纳JVM语言(如Scala和Groovy)而闻名。
Kotlin 是一个基于 JVM 的编程语言,它的简洁、便利早已不言而喻。Kotlin 能够胜任 Java 做的所有事。目前,我们公司 C 端 的 Android 产品全部采用 Kotlin 编写。公司的后端项目也可能会使用 Kotlin,所以我给他们做一些 demo 进行演示。
示例一:结合 Redis 进行数据存储和查询
1.1 配置 gradle
在build.gradle中添加插件和依赖的库。
- plugins {
- id 'java'
- id 'org.jetbrains.kotlin.jvm' version '1.3.0'
- }
-
- ext {
- libraries = [
-
- rxjava : "2.2.2",
-
- logback : "1.2.3",
-
- spring_boot : "2.1.0.RELEASE",
-
- commons_pool2 : "2.6.0",
-
- fastjson : "1.2.51"
- ]
- }
-
- group 'com.kotlin.tutorial'
- version '1.0-SNAPSHOT'
-
- sourceCompatibility = 1.8
-
- def libs = rootProject.ext.libraries // 库
-
- repositories {
- mavenCentral()
- }
-
- dependencies {
- compile "org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-stdlib-jdk8"
- compile "org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-reflect:1.3.0"
- testCompile group: 'junit', name: 'junit', version: '4.12'
-
- implementation "io.reactivex.rxjava2:rxjava:${libs.rxjava}"
-
- implementation "ch.qos.logback:logback-classic:${libs.logback}"
- implementation "ch.qos.logback:logback-core:${libs.logback}"
- implementation "ch.qos.logback:logback-access:${libs.logback}"
-
- implementation "org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-web:${libs.spring_boot}"
- implementation "org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-data-redis:${libs.spring_boot}"
- implementation "org.apache.commons:commons-pool2:${libs.commons_pool2}"
- implementation "com.alibaba:fastjson:${libs.fastjson}"
- }
-
- compileKotlin {
- kotlinOptions.jvmTarget = "1.8"
- }
- compileTestKotlin {
- kotlinOptions.jvmTarget = "1.8"
- }
1.2 创建 SpringKotlinApplication:
- import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication
- import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication
-
-
- /**
- * Created by tony on 2018/11/13.
- */
- @SpringBootApplication
- open class SpringKotlinApplication
-
- fun main(args: Array<String>) {
- SpringApplication.run(SpringKotlinApplication::class.java, *args)
- }
需要注意open的使用,如果不加open会报如下的错误:
org.springframework.beans.factory.parsing.BeanDefinitionParsingException: Configuration problem: @Configuration class 'SpringKotlinApplication' may not be final. Remove the final modifier to continue.
因为 Kotlin 的类默认是final的,所以这里需要使用open关键字。
1.3 配置 redis
在 application.yml 中添加 redis 的配置
- spring:
- redis:
- #数据库索引
- database: 0
- host: 127.0.0.1
- port: 6379
- password:
- lettuce:
- pool:
- #最大连接数
- max-active: 8
- #最大阻塞等待时间(负数表示没限制)
- max-wait: -1
- #最大空闲
- max-idle: 8
- #最小空闲
- min-idle: 0
- #连接超时时间
- timeout: 10000
接下来定义 redis 的序列化器,本文采用fastjson,当然使用gson、jackson等都可以,看个人喜好。
- import com.alibaba.fastjson.JSON
- import com.alibaba.fastjson.serializer.SerializerFeature
- import org.springframework.data.redis.serializer.RedisSerializer
- import org.springframework.data.redis.serializer.SerializationException
- import java.nio.charset.Charset
-
- /**
- * Created by tony on 2018/11/13.
- */
-
- class FastJsonRedisSerializer<T>(private val clazz: Class<T>) : RedisSerializer<T> {
-
- @Throws(SerializationException::class)
- override fun serialize(t: T?) = if (null == t) {
- ByteArray(0)
- } else JSON.toJSONString(t, SerializerFeature.WriteClassName).toByteArray(DEFAULT_CHARSET)
-
- @Throws(SerializationException::class)
- override fun deserialize(bytes: ByteArray?): T? {
-
- if (null == bytes || bytes.size <= 0) {
- return null
- }
- val str = String(bytes, DEFAULT_CHARSET)
- return JSON.parseObject(str, clazz) as T
- }
-
- companion object {
- private val DEFAULT_CHARSET = Charset.forName("UTF-8")
- }
- }
创建 RedisConfig
- import org.springframework.data.redis.core.RedisTemplate
- import org.springframework.data.redis.connection.RedisConnectionFactory
- import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean
- import org.springframework.data.redis.cache.RedisCacheManager
- import org.springframework.cache.CacheManager
- import org.springframework.cache.annotation.CachingConfigurerSupport
- import org.springframework.cache.annotation.EnableCaching
- import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration
- import org.springframework.data.redis.serializer.StringRedisSerializer
- import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.condition.ConditionalOnMissingBean
- import org.springframework.boot.context.properties.EnableConfigurationProperties
- import org.springframework.data.redis.core.RedisOperations
- import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.condition.ConditionalOnClass
- import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.data.redis.RedisProperties
-
-
- /**
- * Created by tony on 2018/11/13.
- */
-
- @EnableCaching
- @Configuration
- @ConditionalOnClass(RedisOperations::class)
- @EnableConfigurationProperties(RedisProperties::class)
- open class RedisConfig : CachingConfigurerSupport() {
-
- @Bean(name = arrayOf("redisTemplate"))
- @ConditionalOnMissingBean(name = arrayOf("redisTemplate"))
- open fun redisTemplate(redisConnectionFactory: RedisConnectionFactory): RedisTemplate<Any, Any> {
-
- val template = RedisTemplate<Any, Any>()
-
- val fastJsonRedisSerializer = FastJsonRedisSerializer(Any::class.java)
-
- template.valueSerializer = fastJsonRedisSerializer
- template.hashValueSerializer = fastJsonRedisSerializer
-
- template.keySerializer = StringRedisSerializer()
- template.hashKeySerializer = StringRedisSerializer()
-
- template.connectionFactory = redisConnectionFactory
- return template
- }
-
- //缓存管理器
- @Bean
- open fun cacheManager(redisConnectionFactory: RedisConnectionFactory): CacheManager {
- val builder = RedisCacheManager
- .RedisCacheManagerBuilder
- .fromConnectionFactory(redisConnectionFactory)
- return builder.build()
- }
-
- }
这里也都需要使用open,理由同上。
1.4 创建 Service
创建一个 User 对象,使用 datat class 类型。
- data class User(var userName:String,var password:String):Serializable
创建操作 User 的Service接口
- import com.kotlin.tutorial.user.User
-
- /**
- * Created by tony on 2018/11/13.
- */
- interface IUserService {
-
- fun getUser(username: String): User
-
- fun createUser(username: String,password: String)
- }
创建 Service 的实现类:
- import com.kotlin.tutorial.user.User
- import com.kotlin.tutorial.user.service.IUserService
- import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired
- import org.springframework.data.redis.core.RedisTemplate
- import org.springframework.stereotype.Service
-
-
- /**
- * Created by tony on 2018/11/13.
- */
- @Service
- class UserServiceImpl : IUserService {
-
- @Autowired
- lateinit var redisTemplate: RedisTemplate<Any, Any>
-
- override fun getUser(username: String): User {
-
- var user = redisTemplate.opsForValue().get("user_${username}")
-
- if (user == null) {
-
- user = User("default","000000")
- }
-
- return user as User
- }
-
- override fun createUser(username: String, password: String) {
-
- redisTemplate.opsForValue().set("user_${username}", User(username, password))
- }
-
- }
1.5 创建 Controller
创建一个 UserController,包含 createUser、getUser 两个接口。
- import com.kotlin.tutorial.user.User
- import com.kotlin.tutorial.user.service.IUserService
- import com.kotlin.tutorial.web.dto.HttpResponse
-
- import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired
- import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping
- import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping
- import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestParam
- import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController
-
-
- /**
- * Created by tony on 2018/11/13.
- */
- @RestController
- @RequestMapping("/user")
- class UserController {
-
- @Autowired
- lateinit var userService: IUserService
-
- @GetMapping("/getUser")
- fun getUser(@RequestParam("name") userName: String): HttpResponse<User> {
-
- return HttpResponse(userService.getUser(userName))
- }
-
- @GetMapping("/createUser")
- fun createUser(@RequestParam("name") userName: String,@RequestParam("password") password: String): HttpResponse<String> {
-
- userService.createUser(userName,password)
-
- return HttpResponse("create ${userName} success")
- }
- }
创建完 Controller 之后,可以进行测试了。
创建用户tony:

查询用户tony:

创建用户monica:

查询用户monica:

示例二:结合 RxJava 模拟顺序、并发地执行任务
2.1 创建 MockTask
首先定义一个任务接口,所有的任务都需要实现该接口:
- /**
- * Created by tony on 2018/11/13.
- */
- interface ITask {
-
- fun execute()
- }
再创建一个模拟的任务,其中delayInSeconds用来模拟任务所花费的时间,单位是秒。
- import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit
- import com.kotlin.tutorial.task.ITask
-
- /**
- * Created by tony on 2018/11/13.
- */
- class MockTask(private val delayInSeconds: Int) : ITask {
-
- /**
- * Stores information if task was started.
- */
- var started: Boolean = false
-
- /**
- * Stores information if task was successfully finished.
- */
- var finishedSuccessfully: Boolean = false
-
- /**
- * Stores information if the task was interrupted.
- * It can happen if the thread that is running this task was killed.
- */
- var interrupted: Boolean = false
-
- /**
- * Stores the thread identifier in which the task was executed.
- */
- var threadId: Long = 0
-
- override fun execute() {
- try {
- this.threadId = Thread.currentThread().id
- this.started = true
- TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(delayInSeconds.toLong())
- this.finishedSuccessfully = true
- } catch (e: InterruptedException) {
- this.interrupted = true
- }
-
- }
- }
2.2 创建 ConcurrentTasksExecutor
顺序执行的话比较简单,一个任务接着一个任务地完成即可,是单线程的操作。
对于并发而言,在这里借助 RxJava 的 merge 操作符来将多个任务进行合并。还用到了 RxJava 的任务调度器 Scheduler,createScheduler()是按照所需的线程数来创建Scheduler的。
- import com.kotlin.tutorial.task.ITask
- import io.reactivex.Completable
- import io.reactivex.schedulers.Schedulers
- import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory
- import org.springframework.util.CollectionUtils
- import java.util.*
- import java.util.concurrent.Executors
- import java.util.stream.Collectors
-
-
- /**
- * Created by tony on 2018/11/13.
- */
- class ConcurrentTasksExecutor(private val numberOfConcurrentThreads: Int, private val tasks: Collection<ITask>?) : ITask {
-
- val log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(this.javaClass)
-
- constructor(numberOfConcurrentThreads: Int, vararg tasks: ITask) : this(numberOfConcurrentThreads, if (tasks == null) null else Arrays.asList<ITask>(*tasks)) {}
-
- init {
-
- if (numberOfConcurrentThreads < 0) {
- throw RuntimeException("Amount of threads must be higher than zero.")
- }
- }
-
- /**
- * Converts collection of tasks (except null tasks) to collection of completable actions.
- * Each action will be executed in thread according to the scheduler created with [.createScheduler] method.
- *
- * @return list of completable actions
- */
- private val asConcurrentTasks: List<Completable>
- get() {
-
- if (tasks!=null) {
-
- val scheduler = createScheduler()
-
- return tasks.stream()
- .filter { task -> task != null }
- .map { task ->
- Completable
- .fromAction {
- task.execute()
- }
- .subscribeOn(scheduler)
- }
- .collect(Collectors.toList())
- } else {
-
- return ArrayList<Completable>()
- }
- }
-
- /**
- * Checks whether tasks collection is empty.
- *
- * @return true if tasks collection is null or empty, false otherwise
- */
- private val isTasksCollectionEmpty: Boolean
- get() = CollectionUtils.isEmpty(tasks)
-
-
- /**
- * Executes all tasks concurrent way only if collection of tasks is not empty.
- * Method completes when all of the tasks complete (or one of them fails).
- * If one of the tasks failed the the exception will be rethrown so that it can be handled by mechanism that calls this method.
- */
- override fun execute() {
-
- if (isTasksCollectionEmpty) {
- log.warn("There are no tasks to be executed.")
- return
- }
-
- log.debug("Executing #{} tasks concurrent way.", tasks?.size)
- Completable.merge(asConcurrentTasks).blockingAwait()
- }
-
- /**
- * Creates a scheduler that will be used for executing tasks concurrent way.
- * Scheduler will use number of threads defined in [.numberOfConcurrentThreads]
- *
- * @return scheduler
- */
- private fun createScheduler() = Schedulers.from(Executors.newFixedThreadPool(numberOfConcurrentThreads))
- }
2.3 创建 Controller
创建一个 TasksController,包含 sequential、concurrent 两个接口,会分别把sequential 和 concurrent 执行任务的时间展示出来。
- import com.kotlin.tutorial.task.impl.ConcurrentTasksExecutor
- import com.kotlin.tutorial.task.impl.MockTask
- import com.kotlin.tutorial.web.dto.TaskResponse
- import com.kotlin.tutorial.web.dto.ErrorResponse
- import com.kotlin.tutorial.web.dto.HttpResponse
- import org.springframework.http.HttpStatus
- import org.springframework.util.StopWatch
- import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.*
- import java.util.stream.Collectors
- import java.util.stream.IntStream
-
- /**
- * Created by tony on 2018/11/13.
- */
- @RestController
- @RequestMapping("/tasks")
- class TasksController {
-
- @GetMapping("/sequential")
- fun sequential(@RequestParam("task") taskDelaysInSeconds: IntArray): HttpResponse<TaskResponse> {
-
- val watch = StopWatch()
- watch.start()
-
- IntStream.of(*taskDelaysInSeconds)
- .mapToObj{
- MockTask(it)
- }
- .forEach{
- it.execute()
- }
-
- watch.stop()
- return HttpResponse(TaskResponse(watch.totalTimeSeconds))
- }
-
- @GetMapping("/concurrent")
- fun concurrent(@RequestParam("task") taskDelaysInSeconds: IntArray, @RequestParam("threads",required = false,defaultValue = "1") numberOfConcurrentThreads: Int): HttpResponse<TaskResponse> {
-
- val watch = StopWatch()
- watch.start()
-
- val delayedTasks = IntStream.of(*taskDelaysInSeconds)
- .mapToObj{
- MockTask(it)
- }
- .collect(Collectors.toList())
-
- ConcurrentTasksExecutor(numberOfConcurrentThreads, delayedTasks).execute()
-
- watch.stop()
- return HttpResponse(TaskResponse(watch.totalTimeSeconds))
- }
-
- @ExceptionHandler(IllegalArgumentException::class)
- @ResponseStatus(HttpStatus.BAD_REQUEST)
- fun handleException(e: IllegalArgumentException) = ErrorResponse(e.message)
- }
顺序地执行多个任务:http://localhost:8080/tasks/sequential?task=1&task=2&task=3&task=4

每个任务所花费的时间分别是1秒、2秒、3秒和4秒。最后,一共花费了10.009秒。
两个线程并发地执行多个任务:http://localhost:8080/tasks/concurrent?task=1&task=2&task=3&task=4&threads=2

三个线程并发地执行多个任务:http://localhost:8080/tasks/concurrent?task=1&task=2&task=3&task=4&threads=3

总结
本文使用了 Kotlin 的特性跟 Spring Boot 整合进行后端开发。Kotlin 的很多语法糖使得开发变得更加便利,当然 Kotlin 也是 Java 的必要补充。
本文 demo 的 github 地址:https://github.com/fengzhizi715/kotlin-spring-demo
好了,以上就是这篇文章的全部内容了,希望本文的内容对大家的学习或者工作具有一定的参考学习价值,如果有疑问大家可以留言交流,谢谢大家对w3xue的支持。