前言
我们经常会被问到这么一个问题:SpringBoot相对于spring有哪些优势呢?其中有一条答案就是SpringBoot自动注入。那么自动注入的原理是什么呢?
我们进行如下分析。
1:首先我们分析项目的启动类时,发现都会加上@SpringBootApplication这个注解,我们分析这个继续进入这个注解会发现,它是由多个注解组成的,如下
- @Target(ElementType.TYPE)
- @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
- @Documented
- @Inherited
- @SpringBootConfiguration
- @EnableAutoConfiguration
- @ComponentScan(excludeFilters = {
- @Filter(type = FilterType.CUSTOM, classes = TypeExcludeFilter.class),
- @Filter(type = FilterType.CUSTOM, classes = AutoConfigurationExcludeFilter.class) })
- public @interface SpringBootApplication {
2:服务启动会扫描 org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure
下的 META-INF/spring.factories 这个文件,这个文件中保存着springboot 启动时默认会自动注入的类,部分如下
- # Auto Configure
- org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.EnableAutoConfiguration=org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.admin.SpringApplicationAdminJmxAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.aop.AopAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.amqp.RabbitAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.batch.BatchAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.cache.CacheAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.cassandra.CassandraAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.cloud.CloudAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.context.ConfigurationPropertiesAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.context.MessageSourceAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.context.PropertyPlaceholderAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.couchbase.CouchbaseAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.dao.PersistenceExceptionTranslationAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.data.cassandra.CassandraDataAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.data.cassandra.CassandraRepositoriesAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.data.couchbase.CouchbaseDataAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.data.couchbase.CouchbaseRepositoriesAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.data.elasticsearch.ElasticsearchAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.data.elasticsearch.ElasticsearchDataAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.data.elasticsearch.ElasticsearchRepositoriesAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.data.jpa.JpaRepositoriesAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.data.ldap.LdapDataAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.data.ldap.LdapRepositoriesAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.data.mongo.MongoDataAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.data.mongo.MongoRepositoriesAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.data.neo4j.Neo4jDataAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.data.neo4j.Neo4jRepositoriesAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.data.solr.SolrRepositoriesAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.data.redis.RedisAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.data.redis.RedisRepositoriesAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.data.rest.RepositoryRestMvcAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.data.web.SpringDataWebAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.elasticsearch.jest.JestAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.freemarker.FreeMarkerAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.gson.GsonAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.h2.H2ConsoleAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.hateoas.HypermediaAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.hazelcast.HazelcastAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.hazelcast.HazelcastJpaDependencyAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.info.ProjectInfoAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.integration.IntegrationAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jackson.JacksonAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jdbc.DataSourceAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jdbc.JdbcTemplateAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jdbc.JndiDataSourceAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jdbc.XADataSourceAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jdbc.DataSourceTransactionManagerAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jms.JmsAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jmx.JmxAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jms.JndiConnectionFactoryAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jms.activemq.ActiveMQAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jms.artemis.ArtemisAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.flyway.FlywayAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.groovy.template.GroovyTemplateAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jersey.JerseyAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jooq.JooqAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.kafka.KafkaAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.ldap.embedded.EmbeddedLdapAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.ldap.LdapAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.liquibase.LiquibaseAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.mail.MailSenderAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.mail.MailSenderValidatorAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.mobile.DeviceResolverAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.mobile.DeviceDelegatingViewResolverAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.mobile.SitePreferenceAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.mongo.embedded.EmbeddedMongoAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.mongo.MongoAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.mustache.MustacheAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.orm.jpa.HibernateJpaAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.reactor.ReactorAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.security.SecurityAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.security.SecurityFilterAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.security.FallbackWebSecurityAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.security.oauth2.OAuth2AutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.sendgrid.SendGridAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.session.SessionAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.social.SocialWebAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.social.FacebookAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.social.LinkedInAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.social.TwitterAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.solr.SolrAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.thymeleaf.ThymeleafAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.transaction.TransactionAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.transaction.jta.JtaAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.validation.ValidationAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.DispatcherServletAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.EmbeddedServletContainerAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.ErrorMvcAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.HttpEncodingAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.HttpMessageConvertersAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.MultipartAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.ServerPropertiesAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.WebClientAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.WebMvcAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.websocket.WebSocketAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.websocket.WebSocketMessagingAutoConfiguration,org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.webservices.WebServicesAutoConfiguration
3:你是不是在其中发现了自己常用的redis,mysql等相关的类?没错,springboot会尝试加载这些类,我们以 org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.data.redis.RedisAutoConfiguration
这个类为例,进去看一下它的源码,部分示例如下
- @Configuration
- @ConditionalOnClass({ JedisConnection.class, RedisOperations.class, Jedis.class })
- @EnableConfigurationProperties(RedisProperties.class)
- public class RedisAutoConfiguration {
-
- /**
- * Redis connection configuration.
- */
- @Configuration
- @ConditionalOnClass(GenericObjectPool.class)
- protected static class RedisConnectionConfiguration {
-
- private final RedisProperties properties;
-
- private final RedisSentinelConfiguration sentinelConfiguration;
-
- private final RedisClusterConfiguration clusterConfiguration;
-
- public RedisConnectionConfiguration(RedisProperties properties,
- ObjectProvider<RedisSentinelConfiguration> sentinelConfiguration,
- ObjectProvider<RedisClusterConfiguration> clusterConfiguration) {
- this.properties = properties;
- this.sentinelConfiguration = sentinelConfiguration.getIfAvailable();
- this.clusterConfiguration = clusterConfiguration.getIfAvailable();
- }
-
- @Bean
- @ConditionalOnMissingBean(RedisConnectionFactory.class)
- public JedisConnectionFactory redisConnectionFactory()
- throws UnknownHostException {
- return applyProperties(createJedisConnectionFactory());
- }
我们能看到这个类上加了这个注解 @ConditionalOnClass({ JedisConnection.class, RedisOperations.class, Jedis.class })
意思就是如果你的classpath中没有这些类的话,那么这个类就不能被加载,那么这些被依赖的类在哪出现呢?没错,就在我们在pom.xml中引入的依赖所对应的包里。
看到这里你因该就明白了,META-INF/spring.factories 文件中被列出来的那些类都会被springboot去尝试加载,但是有些模块我们没引入相关的依赖,那么这个类就会加载失败。即这个模块没有被成功加载。
4:我们通过上面的redis的自动加载类时,看到上面还有个 @EnableConfigurationProperties(RedisProperties.class)
注解,这个注解来注入关于redis的配置信息,这个信息都在 RedisProperties.class
中保存,我们看下 RedisProperties的源码
发现里面的配置项基本都是有默认值的,通过上面的注解可以明白,如果配置文件中存在 spring.redis 开头的配置项,则使用配置文件中的,如果没有的话则使用文件中默认写死的配置。你是不是想到了springboot的另外一个优势:约定大于配置。
这里我们大概了解了SpringBoot自动配置的原理和流程,里面的那些细节我们不在分析。同理,对于那些第三方或者我们自己写的starter,springboot启动的时候会扫描starter的jar包下 META-INF/spring.factories 这个文件,解析内容并加载里面对用的类。
由此,我们总结出以下几点
1:SpringBoot的自动配置是如何实现的
2:有关的那些注解,如@EnableAutoConfiguration, @ConditionalOnClass, @Configuration等也是SpringBoot的核心注解,也值得我们了解其用法和原理。
总结
以上就是这篇文章的全部内容了,希望本文的内容对大家的学习或者工作具有一定的参考学习价值,谢谢大家对w3xue的支持。