让我们从一个简单的项目(遥控器)了解命令模式,然后再给出他的定义:
此项目地址:
https://github.com/Stray-Kite/Design-Pattern/tree/master/src/headfirst/designpatterns/command/simpleremote
实现命令接口:
首先,让所有的命令对象实现相同的包含一个方法的接口。我们暂且使用一贯的名称execute()。
这就是命令接口(Command.java):
- 1 public interface Command {
- 2 public void execute(); //简单,只须一个方法 execute()
- 3 }
实现一个打开电灯的命令:
现在,假设想实现一个打开电灯的命令。有已知我们的Light类有两个方法:on()和off()。下面是如
何将它实现成一个命令(LightOnCommand.java):
- 1 //这是一个命令,所以要实现Command接口
- 2 public class LightOnCommand implements Command{
- 3 Light light;
- 4
- 5 // 构造器被传入某个电灯(比如客厅的电灯),以便让这
- 6 // 个命令控制。一旦调用execute(),就有这个电灯对象
- 7 // 成为接收者。负责接收请求。
- 8 public LightOnCommand(Light light){
- 9 this.light = light;
- 10 }
- 11
- 12 // 这个execute()方法调用接收对象(我们正在控制的电灯)的on()方法
- 13 public void execute(){
- 14 light.on();
- 15 }
- 16 }
现在有了LightOnCommand类,接下来让我们看一下如何使用它(SimpleRemoteController.java):
- 1 public class SimpleRemoteControl {
- 2 //有一个插槽持有命令,而这个命令控制着一个装置
- 3 Command slot;
- 4
- 5 public SimpleRemoteControl(){};
- 6
- 7 //这个方法用来设置插槽控制的命令。如果想改变遥
- 8 // 控器按钮的行为,可以多次调用这个方法
- 9 public void setCommand(Command command){
- 10 slot = command;
- 11 }
- 12
- 13 //当按下按钮时,这个方法就会被调用,使得当前命
- 14 // 令衔接插槽,并调用方法execute()
- 15 public void buttonWasPressed(){
- 16 slot.execute();
- 17 }
- 18 }
现在让我们测试一下(Main.java):
- 1 public class Main {
- 2
- 3 public static void main(String[] args) {
- 4 SimpleRemoteControl remote = new SimpleRemoteControl();
- 5 Light light = new Light();
- 6 LightOnCommand lightOn = new LightOnCommand(light);
- 7
- 8 remote.setCommand(lightOn);
- 9 remote.buttonWasPressed();
- 10 }
- 11 }
结果:

好啦!通过如上例子,现在我们该给出命令模式的定义了:
命令模式:将“请求”封装成对象,以便使用不同的请求、队列或者日志来参数化其他对象。命令
模式也支持撤销的操作。
来看看他的类图:

上面完成了简单遥控,但是要知道,一个遥控器可不止有一个插槽(每个插槽都具备了“开”和“关”
按钮),所以我们现在就要用到数组,作如下工作:
- 1 onCommand[0] = onCommand;
- 2 offCommand[0] = offCommand;
实现遥控器(RemoteController.java):
- 1 public class RemoteControl {
- 2 //这时候,遥控器要处理7个开宇关的命令,使用相应的数组记录这些命令
- 3 Command[] onCommands;
- 4 Command[] offCommands;
- 5
- 6 public RemoteControl() {
- 7 //在构造器中,只需实例化并初始化这两个开与关的数组
- 8 onCommands = new Command[7];
- 9 offCommands = new Command[7];
- 10
- 11 Command noCommand = new NoCommand();
- 12 for (int i = 0; i < 7; i++) {
- 13 onCommands[i] = noCommand;
- 14 offCommands[i] = noCommand;
- 15 }
- 16 }
- 17
- 18 //这个方法需要有3个参数,分别是插槽的位置,开的命令、关的命令。这些命令将记录
- 19 // 在开关数组中对应的插槽位置、以供稍后使用
- 20 public void setCommand(int slot, Command onCommand, Command offCommand) {
- 21 onCommands[slot] = onCommand;
- 22 offCommands[slot] = offCommand;
- 23 }
- 24
- 25 //当按下开或关的按钮,硬件就会负责调用相应的方法,也就是onButtonWasPushed
- 26 // 或offButtonWasPushed
- 27 public void onButtonWasPushed(int slot) {
- 28 onCommands[slot].execute();
- 29 }
- 30
- 31 public void offButtonWasPushed(int slot) {
- 32 offCommands[slot].execute();
- 33 }
- 34
- 35 public String toString() {
- 36 StringBuffer stringBuff = new StringBuffer();
- 37 stringBuff.append("\n------ Remote Control -------\n");
- 38 for (int i = 0; i < onCommands.length; i++) {
- 39 stringBuff.append("[slot " + i + "] " + onCommands[i].getClass().getName()
- 40 + " " + offCommands[i].getClass().getName() + "\n");
- 41 }
- 42 return stringBuff.toString();
- 43 }
- 44 }
实现命令:
LightOffCommand.java:
- 1 public class LightOffCommand implements Command {
- 2 Light light;
- 3
- 4 public LightOffCommand(Light light) {
- 5 this.light = light;
- 6 }
- 7
- 8 public void execute() {
- 9 light.off();
- 10 }
- 11 }
还有很多命令就不一一列举了,原理都一样,相当于很多机械操作。
开始测试遥控器:
- 1 public class RemoteLoader {
- 2
- 3 public static void main(String[] args) {
- 4 RemoteControl remoteControl = new RemoteControl();
- 5
- 6 Light livingRoomLight = new Light("Living Room");
- 7 Light kitchenLight = new Light("Kitchen");
- 8 CeilingFan ceilingFan= new CeilingFan("Living Room");
- 9 GarageDoor garageDoor = new GarageDoor("");
- 10 Stereo stereo = new Stereo("Living Room");
- 11
- 12 LightOnCommand livingRoomLightOn = new LightOnCommand(livingRoomLight);
- 13 LightOffCommand livingRoomLightOff = new LightOffCommand(livingRoomLight);
- 14 LightOnCommand kitchenLightOn = new LightOnCommand(kitchenLight);
- 15 LightOffCommand kitchenLightOff = new LightOffCommand(kitchenLight);
- 16
- 17 CeilingFanOnCommand ceilingFanOn = new CeilingFanOnCommand(ceilingFan);
- 18 CeilingFanOffCommand ceilingFanOff = new CeilingFanOffCommand(ceilingFan);
- 19
- 20 GarageDoorUpCommand garageDoorUp = new GarageDoorUpCommand(garageDoor);
- 21 GarageDoorDownCommand garageDoorDown = new GarageDoorDownCommand(garageDoor);
- 22
- 23 StereoOnWithCDCommand stereoOnWithCD = new StereoOnWithCDCommand(stereo);
- 24 StereoOffCommand stereoOff = new StereoOffCommand(stereo);
- 25
- 26 remoteControl.setCommand(0, livingRoomLightOn, livingRoomLightOff);
- 27 remoteControl.setCommand(1, kitchenLightOn, kitchenLightOff);
- 28 remoteControl.setCommand(2, ceilingFanOn, ceilingFanOff);
- 29 remoteControl.setCommand(3, stereoOnWithCD, stereoOff);
- 30
- 31 System.out.println(remoteControl);
- 32
- 33 remoteControl.onButtonWasPushed(0);
- 34 remoteControl.offButtonWasPushed(0);
- 35 remoteControl.onButtonWasPushed(1);
- 36 remoteControl.offButtonWasPushed(1);
- 37 remoteControl.onButtonWasPushed(2);
- 38 remoteControl.offButtonWasPushed(2);
- 39 remoteControl.onButtonWasPushed(3);
- 40 remoteControl.offButtonWasPushed(3);
- 41 }
- 42 }
注:在遥控器中,我们不想每次都检查是否某个插槽都加载了命令。比方说,在这个onButtonWasP-
ushed()方法中,我们可能需要这样的代码:
- 1 public void onButtonWasPushed(int slot){
- 2 if(onCommands[slot] != null){
- 3 onCommands[slot].execute();
- 4 }
- 5 }
So,为了避免上述做法,我们实现一个不做事前的命令:
- 1 public class NoCommand implements Command {
- 2 public void execute() { }
- 3 }
这么一来,在RemoteControl构造器中,我们将个每个插槽都预先制定或NoCommand对象,以便
确定每个插槽永远都有名命令对象。
- 1 Command noCommand = new NoCommand();
- 2 for (int i = 0; i < 7; i++) {
- 3 onCommands[i] = noCommand;
- 4 offCommands[i] = noCommand;
- 5 }
所以在测试的输出中,没有被明确指定命令的插槽,其命令将是默认的NoCommand对象。
第二个项目代码地址:
https://github.com/Stray-Kite/Design-Pattern/tree/master/src/headfirst/designpatterns/command/remote
还记得我们之前说的undo操作嘛?现在我们来实现它:
代码地址:https://github.com/Stray-Kite/Design-Pattern/tree/master/src/headfirst/designpatterns/command/undo
我们只需要在Command.java,我们只需加上第三行代码就好:
- 1 public interface Command {
- 2 public void execute();
- 3 public void undo();
- 4 }
然后再从LightOnCommand开始下手:
- 1 public class LightOnCommand implements Command {
- 2 Light light;
- 3 int level;
- 4 public LightOnCommand(Light light) {
- 5 this.light = light;
- 6 }
- 7
- 8 public void execute() {
- 9 level = light.getLevel();
- 10 light.on();
- 11 }
- 12
- 13 //加上
- 14 public void undo() {
- 15 light.dim(level);
- 16 }
- 17 }
最后是RemoteControllerWithUndo.java:
- 1 public class RemoteControlWithUndo {
- 2 Command[] onCommands;
- 3 Command[] offCommands;
- 4 Command undoCommand;
- 5
- 6 public RemoteControlWithUndo() {
- 7 onCommands = new Command[7];
- 8 offCommands = new Command[7];
- 9
- 10 Command noCommand = new NoCommand();
- 11 for(int i=0;i<7;i++) {
- 12 onCommands[i] = noCommand;
- 13 offCommands[i] = noCommand;
- 14 }
- 15 undoCommand = noCommand;
- 16 }
- 17
- 18 public void setCommand(int slot, Command onCommand, Command offCommand) {
- 19 onCommands[slot] = onCommand;
- 20 offCommands[slot] = offCommand;
- 21 }
- 22
- 23 public void onButtonWasPushed(int slot) {
- 24 onCommands[slot].execute();
- 25 undoCommand = onCommands[slot];
- 26 }
- 27
- 28 public void offButtonWasPushed(int slot) {
- 29 offCommands[slot].execute();
- 30 undoCommand = offCommands[slot];
- 31 }
- 32
- 33 public void undoButtonWasPushed() {
- 34 undoCommand.undo();
- 35 }
- 36
- 37 public String toString() {
- 38 StringBuffer stringBuff = new StringBuffer();
- 39 stringBuff.append("\n------ Remote Control -------\n");
- 40 for (int i = 0; i < onCommands.length; i++) {
- 41 stringBuff.append("[slot " + i + "] " + onCommands[i].getClass().getName()
- 42 + " " + offCommands[i].getClass().getName() + "\n");
- 43 }
- 44 stringBuff.append("[undo] " + undoCommand.getClass().getName() + "\n");
- 45 return stringBuff.toString();
- 46 }
- 47 }
测试类(RemoteLoader.java):
- 1 public class RemoteLoader {
- 2
- 3 public static void main(String[] args) {
- 4 RemoteControlWithUndo remoteControl = new RemoteControlWithUndo();
- 5
- 6 Light livingRoomLight = new Light("Living Room");
- 7
- 8 LightOnCommand livingRoomLightOn = new LightOnCommand(livingRoomLight);
- 9 LightOffCommand livingRoomLightOff = new LightOffCommand(livingRoomLight);
- 10
- 11 remoteControl.setCommand(0, livingRoomLightOn, livingRoomLightOff);
- 12
- 13 remoteControl.onButtonWasPushed(0);
- 14 remoteControl.offButtonWasPushed(0);
- 15 System.out.println(remoteControl);
- 16 remoteControl.undoButtonWasPushed();
- 17 remoteControl.offButtonWasPushed(0);
- 18 remoteControl.onButtonWasPushed(0);
- 19 System.out.println(remoteControl);
- 20 remoteControl.undoButtonWasPushed();
- 21 22 }
- 23 }
好了,实现电灯的撤销很简单。但是,通常,想要实现撤销的功能,需要记录一些状态。让我们是一个更有
趣的例子,比方说厂商类中的天花板的吊扇。吊扇允许有多种转动速度,当然也允许被关闭。
吊扇源码如下:
- 1 public class CeilingFan {
- 2 public static final int HIGH = 3;
- 3 public static final int MEDIUM = 2;
- 4 public static final int LOW = 1;
- 5 public static final int OFF = 0;
- 6 String location;
- 7 int speed;
- 8
- 9 public CeilingFan(String location) {
- 10 this.location = location;
- 11 speed = OFF;
- 12 }
- 13
- 14 public void high() {
- 15 speed = HIGH;
- 16 System.out.println(location + " ceiling fan is on high");
- 17 }
- 18
- 19 public void medium() {
- 20 speed = MEDIUM;
- 21 System.out.println(location + " ceiling fan is on medium");
- 22 }
- 23
- 24 public void low() {
- 25 speed = LOW;
- 26 System.out.println(location + " ceiling fan is on low");
- 27 }
- 28
- 29 public void off() {
- 30 speed = OFF;
- 31 System.out.println(location + " ceiling fan is off");
- 32 }
- 33
- 34 public int getSpeed() {
- 35 return speed;
- 36 }
- 37 }
加入撤销到吊扇的命令类(CeilingFanHighCommand.java):
- 1 public class CeilingFanHighCommand implements Command {
- 2 CeilingFan ceilingFan;
- 3 int prevSpeed;
- 4
- 5 public CeilingFanHighCommand(CeilingFan ceilingFan) {
- 6 this.ceilingFan = ceilingFan;
- 7 }
- 8
- 9 public void execute() {
- 10 prevSpeed = ceilingFan.getSpeed();
- 11 ceilingFan.high();
- 12 }
- 13
- 14 public void undo() {
- 15 if (prevSpeed == CeilingFan.HIGH) {
- 16 ceilingFan.high();
- 17 } else if (prevSpeed == CeilingFan.MEDIUM) {
- 18 ceilingFan.medium();
- 19 } else if (prevSpeed == CeilingFan.LOW) {
- 20 ceilingFan.low();
- 21 } else if (prevSpeed == CeilingFan.OFF) {
- 22 ceilingFan.off();
- 23 }
- 24 }
- 25 }
添加测试类(RemoteLoader.java):
- 1 public class RemoteLoader {
- 2
- 3 public static void main(String[] args) {
- 4 CeilingFan ceilingFan = new CeilingFan("Living Room");
- 5
- 6 CeilingFanMediumCommand ceilingFanMedium = new CeilingFanMediumCommand(ceilingFan);
- 7 CeilingFanHighCommand ceilingFanHigh = new CeilingFanHighCommand(ceilingFan);
- 8 CeilingFanOffCommand ceilingFanOff = new CeilingFanOffCommand(ceilingFan);
- 9
- 10 remoteControl.setCommand(0, ceilingFanMedium, ceilingFanOff);
- 11 remoteControl.setCommand(1, ceilingFanHigh, ceilingFanOff);
- 12
- 13 remoteControl.onButtonWasPushed(0);
- 14 remoteControl.offButtonWasPushed(0);
- 15 System.out.println(remoteControl);
- 16 remoteControl.undoButtonWasPushed();
- 17
- 18 remoteControl.onButtonWasPushed(1);
- 19 System.out.println(remoteControl);
- 20 remoteControl.undoButtonWasPushed();
- 21 }
- 22 }
最后,我们相同时弄暗灯光、打开音响和电视、设置好DVD,并让热水器开始加温:
代码地址: https://github.com/Stray-Kite/Design-Pattern/tree/master/src/headfirst/designpatterns/command/party
MacroCommand.java:
- 1 public class MacroCommand implements Command {
- 2 Command[] commands;
- 3
- 4 public MacroCommand(Command[] commands) {
- 5 this.commands = commands;
- 6 }
- 7
- 8 public void execute() {
- 9 for (int i = 0; i < commands.length; i++) {
- 10 commands[i].execute();
- 11 }
- 12 }
- 13
- 14 public void undo() {
- 15 for (int i = commands.length -1; i >= 0; i--) {
- 16 commands[i].undo();
- 17 }
- 18 }
- 19 }
使用宏命令(RemoteLoader.java):
- 1 public class RemoteLoader {
- 2
- 3 public static void main(String[] args) {
- 4
- 5 RemoteControl remoteControl = new RemoteControl();
- 6
- 7 //首先创建想要进入宏的命令集合
- 8 Light light = new Light("Living Room");
- 9 TV tv = new TV("Living Room");
- 10 Stereo stereo = new Stereo("Living Room");
- 11 Hottub hottub = new Hottub();
- 12
- 13 LightOnCommand lightOn = new LightOnCommand(light);
- 14 StereoOnCommand stereoOn = new StereoOnCommand(stereo);
- 15 TVOnCommand tvOn = new TVOnCommand(tv);
- 16 HottubOnCommand hottubOn = new HottubOnCommand(hottub);
- 17 LightOffCommand lightOff = new LightOffCommand(light);
- 18 StereoOffCommand stereoOff = new StereoOffCommand(stereo);
- 19 TVOffCommand tvOff = new TVOffCommand(tv);
- 20 HottubOffCommand hottubOff = new HottubOffCommand(hottub);
- 21
- 22 //接下来创建两个数组,其中一个用来记录开启命令,另一个用来记录关闭命令,并在数组内放入对应的命令
- 23 Command[] partyOn = { lightOn, stereoOn, tvOn, hottubOn};
- 24 Command[] partyOff = { lightOff, stereoOff, tvOff, hottubOff};
- 25
- 26 MacroCommand partyOnMacro = new MacroCommand(partyOn);
- 27 MacroCommand partyOffMacro = new MacroCommand(partyOff);
- 28
- 29 //然后将宏命令指定给我们所希望的按钮
- 30 remoteControl.setCommand(0, partyOnMacro, partyOffMacro);
- 31
- 32 //最后,按一按按钮,测试一下
- 33 System.out.println(remoteControl);
- 34 System.out.println("--- Pushing Macro On---");
- 35 remoteControl.onButtonWasPushed(0);
- 36 System.out.println("--- Pushing Macro Off---");
- 37 remoteControl.offButtonWasPushed(0);
- 38 }
- 39 }