SignalR WebSocket通讯机制

来源：cnblogs　　作者：wskxy　　时间：2023/5/25 9:07:58　　对本文有异议

1、什么是SignalR

　　ASP.NET SignalR 是一个面向 ASP.NET 开发人员的库，可简化向应用程序添加实时 Web 功能的过程。实时 Web 功能是让服务器代码在可用时立即将内容推送到连接的客户端，而不是让服务器等待客户端请求新数据。

　　SignalR使用的三种底层传输技术分别是Web Socket, Server Sent Events 和 Long Polling，它让你更好的关注业务问题而不是底层传输技术问题。

　　WebSocket是最好的最有效的传输方式, 如果浏览器或Web服务器不支持它的话(IE10之前不支持Web Socket), 就会降级使用SSE, 实在不行就用Long Polling。

　　(现在也很难找到不支持WebSocket的浏览器了，所以我们一般定义必须使用WebSocket)

2、我们做一个聊天室，实现一下SignalR前后端通讯

　　由简入深，先简单实现一下　

　　2.1 服务端Net5

using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authorization;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR;
using System;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace ServerSignalR.Models
{
    public class ChatRoomHub:Hub
    {
        public override Task OnConnectedAsync()//连接成功触发
        {
            return base.OnConnectedAsync();
        }
        public Task SendPublicMsg(string fromUserName,string msg)//给所有client发送消息
        {
            string connId = this.Context.ConnectionId;
            string str = $"[{DateTime.Now}]{connId}\r\n{fromUserName}:{msg}";
            return this.Clients.All.SendAsync("ReceivePublicMsg",str);//发送给ReceivePublicMsg方法,这个方法由SignalR机制自动创建
        }
    }
}

　　Startup添加

        static string _myAllowSpecificOrigins = "MyAllowSpecificOrigins";
        public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
        {
            services.AddControllers();
            services.AddSwaggerGen(c =>
            {
                c.SwaggerDoc("v1", new OpenApiInfo { Title = "ServerSignalR", Version = "v1" });
            });
            services.AddSignalR();
            services.AddCors(options =>
            {
                options.AddPolicy(_myAllowSpecificOrigins, policy =>
                {
                    policy.WithOrigins("http://localhost:4200")
                    .AllowAnyHeader().AllowAnyMethod().AllowCredentials();
                });
            });
        }
        // This method gets called by the runtime. Use this method to configure the HTTP request pipeline.
        public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IWebHostEnvironment env)
        {
            if (env.IsDevelopment())
            {
                app.UseDeveloperExceptionPage();
                app.UseSwagger();
                app.UseSwaggerUI(c => c.SwaggerEndpoint("/swagger/v1/swagger.json", "ServerSignalR v1"));
            }
            app.UseCors(_myAllowSpecificOrigins);
            app.UseHttpsRedirection();
            app.UseRouting();
            app.UseAuthorization();
            app.UseEndpoints(endpoints =>
            {
                endpoints.MapControllers();
                endpoints.MapHub<ChatRoomHub>("/Hubs/ChatRoomHub");
            });
        }

　　2.2 前端Angular

　　　　引入包

npm i --save @microsoft/signalr

　　　　ts：

import { Component, OnInit } from '@angular/core';
import * as signalR from '@microsoft/signalr';
import { CookieService } from 'ngx-cookie-service';
@Component({
  selector: 'app-home',
  templateUrl: './home.component.html',
  styleUrls: ['./home.component.scss']
})
export class HomeComponent implements OnInit {
  msg = '';
  userName='kxy'
  public messages: string[] = [];
  public hubConnection: signalR.HubConnection;
  constructor(
    private cookie: CookieService
  ) {this.hubConnection=new signalR.HubConnectionBuilder()
    .withUrl('https://localhost:44313/Hubs/ChatRoomHub',
      {
        skipNegotiation:true,//跳过三个协议协商
        transport:signalR.HttpTransportType.WebSockets,//定义使用WebSocket协议通讯
      }
    )
    .withAutomaticReconnect()
    .build();
    this.hubConnection.on('ReceivePublicMsg',msg=>{
      this.messages.push(msg);
      console.log(msg);
    });
  }
  ngOnInit(): void {
  }
  JoinChatRoom(){
    this.hubConnection.start()
    .catch(res=>{
      this.messages.push('连接失败');
      throw res;
    }).then(x=>{
      this.messages.push('连接成功');
    });
  }
  SendMsg(){
    if(!this.msg){
      return;
    }
    this.hubConnection.invoke('SendPublicMsg', this.userName,this.msg);
  }
}

　　这样就简单实现了SignalR通讯！！！

　　有一点值得记录一下

　　　　问题：强制启用WebSocket协议，有时候发生错误会被屏蔽，只是提示找不到/连接不成功

　　　　解决：可以先不跳过协商，调试完成后再跳过

3、引入Jwt进行权限验证

安装Nuget包：Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authentication.JwtBearer

　　Net5的，注意包版本选择5.x，有对应关系

　　Startup定义如下

using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Builder;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Hosting;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration;
using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Hosting;
using Microsoft.OpenApi.Models;
using ServerSignalR.Models;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using System.Text;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authentication.JwtBearer;
using Microsoft.IdentityModel.Tokens;
using JwtHelperCore;
namespace ServerSignalR
{
    public class Startup
    {
        public Startup(IConfiguration configuration)
        {
            Configuration = configuration;
        }
        public IConfiguration Configuration { get; }
        // This method gets called by the runtime. Use this method to add services to the container.
        static string _myAllowSpecificOrigins = "MyAllowSpecificOrigins";
        public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
        {
            services.AddControllers();
            services.AddSwaggerGen(c =>
            {
                c.SwaggerDoc("v1", new OpenApiInfo { Title = "ServerSignalR", Version = "v1" });
            });
            services.AddAuthentication(JwtBearerDefaults.AuthenticationScheme)
                .AddJwtBearer(options =>
                {
                    options.RequireHttpsMetadata = false;//是否需要https
                    options.TokenValidationParameters = new TokenValidationParameters
                    {
                        ValidateIssuer = false,//是否验证Issuer
                        ValidateAudience = false,//是否验证Audience
                        ValidateLifetime = true,//是否验证失效时间
                        ValidateIssuerSigningKey = true,//是否验证SecurityKey
                        IssuerSigningKey = new SymmetricSecurityKey(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes("VertivSecurityKey001")),//拿到SecurityKey
                    };
                    options.Events = new JwtBearerEvents()//从url获取token
                    {
                        OnMessageReceived = context =>
                        {
                            if (context.HttpContext.Request.Path.StartsWithSegments("/Hubs/ChatRoomHub"))//判断访问路径
                            {
                                var accessToken = context.Request.Query["access_token"];//从请求路径获取token
                                if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(accessToken))
                                    context.Token = accessToken;//将token写入上下文给Jwt中间件验证
                            }
                            return Task.CompletedTask;
                        }
                    };
                }
            );
            services.AddSignalR();
            services.AddCors(options =>
            {
                options.AddPolicy(_myAllowSpecificOrigins, policy =>
                {
                    policy.WithOrigins("http://localhost:4200")
                    .AllowAnyHeader().AllowAnyMethod().AllowCredentials();
                });
            });
        }
        // This method gets called by the runtime. Use this method to configure the HTTP request pipeline.
        public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IWebHostEnvironment env)
        {
            if (env.IsDevelopment())
            {
                app.UseDeveloperExceptionPage();
                app.UseSwagger();
                app.UseSwaggerUI(c => c.SwaggerEndpoint("/swagger/v1/swagger.json", "ServerSignalR v1"));
            }
            app.UseCors(_myAllowSpecificOrigins);
            app.UseHttpsRedirection();
            app.UseRouting();
            //Token  授权、认证
            app.UseErrorHandling();//自定义的处理错误信息中间件
            app.UseAuthentication();//判断是否登录成功
            app.UseAuthorization();//判断是否有访问目标资源的权限
            app.UseEndpoints(endpoints =>
            {
                endpoints.MapHub<ChatRoomHub>("/Hubs/ChatRoomHub");
                endpoints.MapControllers();
            });
        }
    }
}

　　红色部分为主要关注代码！！！

　　因为WebSocket无法自定义header，token信息只能通过url传输，由后端获取并写入到上下文

　　认证特性使用方式和http请求一致：

using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authorization;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR;
using System;
using System.Linq;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace ServerSignalR.Models
{
    [Authorize]//jwt认证
    public class ChatRoomHub:Hub
    {
        
        public override Task OnConnectedAsync()//连接成功触发
        {
            return base.OnConnectedAsync();
        }
        public Task SendPublicMsg(string msg)//给所有client发送消息
        {
            var roles = this.Context.User.Claims.Where(x => x.Type.Contains("identity/claims/role")).Select(x => x.Value).ToList();//获取角色
            var fromUserName = this.Context.User.Identity.Name;//从token获取登录人，而不是传入(前端ts方法的传入参数也需要去掉)
            string connId = this.Context.ConnectionId;
            string str = $"[{DateTime.Now}]{connId}\r\n{fromUserName}:{msg}";
            return this.Clients.All.SendAsync("ReceivePublicMsg",str);//发送给ReceivePublicMsg方法,这个方法由SignalR机制自动创建
        }
    }
}

　　然后ts添加

  constructor(
    private cookie: CookieService
  ) {
    var token  = this.cookie.get('spm_token');
    this.hubConnection=new signalR.HubConnectionBuilder()
    .withUrl('https://localhost:44313/Hubs/ChatRoomHub',
      {
        skipNegotiation:true,//跳过三个协议协商
        transport:signalR.HttpTransportType.WebSockets,//定义使用WebSocket协议通讯
        accessTokenFactory:()=> token.slice(7,token.length)//会自动添加Bearer头部,我这里已经有Bearer了,所以需要截掉
      }
    )
    .withAutomaticReconnect()
    .build();
    this.hubConnection.on('ReceivePublicMsg',msg=>{
      this.messages.push(msg);
      console.log(msg);
    });
  }

4、私聊

　　Hub

using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authorization;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace ServerSignalR.Models
{
    [Authorize]//jwt认证
    public class ChatRoomHub:Hub
    {
        private static List<UserModel> _users = new List<UserModel>();
        public override Task OnConnectedAsync()//连接成功触发
        {
            var userName = this.Context.User.Identity.Name;//从token获取登录人
            _users.Add(new UserModel(userName, this.Context.ConnectionId));
            return base.OnConnectedAsync();
        }
        public override Task OnDisconnectedAsync(Exception exception)
        {
            var userName = this.Context.User.Identity.Name;//从token获取登录人
            _users.RemoveRange(_users.FindIndex(x => x.UserName == userName), 1);
            return base.OnDisconnectedAsync(exception);
        }
        public Task SendPublicMsg(string msg)//给所有client发送消息
        {
            var fromUserName = this.Context.User.Identity.Name;
            //var ss = this.Context.User!.FindFirst(ClaimTypes.Name)!.Value;
            string str = $"[{DateTime.Now}]\r\n{fromUserName}:{msg}";
            return this.Clients.All.SendAsync("ReceivePublicMsg",str);//发送给ReceivePublicMsg方法,这个方法由SignalR机制自动创建
        }
        public Task SendPrivateMsg(string destUserName, string msg)
        {
            var fromUser = _users.Find(x=>x.UserName== this.Context.User.Identity.Name);
            var toUser = _users.Find(x=>x.UserName==destUserName);
            string str = $"";
            if (toUser == null)
            {
                msg = $"用户{destUserName}不在线";
                str = $"[{DateTime.Now}]\r\n系统提示:{msg}";
                return this.Clients.Clients(fromUser.WebScoketConnId).SendAsync("ReceivePrivateMsg", str);
            }
            str = $"[{DateTime.Now}]\r\n{fromUser.UserName}-{destUserName}:{msg}";
            return this.Clients.Clients(fromUser.WebScoketConnId,toUser.WebScoketConnId).SendAsync("ReceivePrivateMsg", str);
        }
    }
}

　　TS：

//加一个监听
    this.hubConnection.on('ReceivePublicMsg', msg => {
      this.messages.push('公屏'+msg);
      console.log(msg);
    });
    this.hubConnection.on('ReceivePrivateMsg',msg=>{
      this.messages.push('私聊'+msg);
      console.log(msg);
    });
//加一个发送
    if (this.talkType == 1)
      this.hubConnection.invoke('SendPublicMsg', this.msg);
    if (this.talkType == 3){
      console.log('11111111111111');
      this.hubConnection.invoke('SendPrivateMsg',this.toUserName, this.msg);
    }

5、在控制器中使用Hub上下文

　　Hub链接默认30s超时，正常情况下Hub只会进行通讯，而不再Hub里进行复杂业务运算

　　如果涉及复杂业务计算后发送通讯，可以将Hub上下文注入外部控制器，如

namespace ServerSignalR.Controllers
{
    //[Authorize]
    public class HomeController : Controller
    {
        private IHubContext<ChatRoomHub> _hubContext;
        public HomeController(IHubContext<ChatRoomHub> hubContext)
        {
            _hubContext = hubContext;
        }
        [HttpGet("Welcome")]
        public async Task<ResultDataModel<bool>> Welcome()
        {
            await _hubContext.Clients.All.SendAsync("ReceivePublicMsg", "欢迎");
            return new ResultDataModel<bool>(true);
        }
    }
}